Is it ever recommended to use mean/multiple imputation when using tree-based predictive models?Orthogonal sets of variables in multiple imputation --> separate imputation models?Multiple Imputation Using Different Data Setsusing cluster information in multiple imputationMultiple Imputation for Spatial Modelsmultiple imputation models containing categorical variablesWhen to use multiple imputation chained equations vs regression to impute data?Multiple imputation when explained variance of imputation model is lowPredictive Mean Matching as Single Imputation?How to apply a model built using Multiple Imputation to predict on dataset with missing data?How NULLs in numerical variables are treated in tree-based models?

Adventure Game (text based) in C++

et qui - how do you really understand that kind of phraseology?

Professor being mistaken for a grad student

Custom alignment for GeoMarkers

Is there a symmetric-key algorithm which we can use for creating a signature?

How could an airship be repaired midflight?

ERC721: How to get the owned tokens of an address

How to explain that I do not want to visit a country due to personal safety concern?

Print a physical multiplication table

How difficult is it to simply disable/disengage the MCAS on Boeing 737 Max 8 & 9 Aircraft?

Is it true that good novels will automatically sell themselves on Amazon (and so on) and there is no need for one to waste time promoting?

Why does overlay work only on the first tcolorbox?

A diagram about partial derivatives of f(x,y)

Is a party consisting of only a bard, a cleric, and a warlock functional long-term?

How could a scammer know the apps on my phone / iTunes account?

A single argument pattern definition applies to multiple-argument patterns?

Are all passive ability checks floors for active ability checks?

This word with a lot of past tenses

New passport but visa is in old (lost) passport

How can we have a quark condensate without a quark potential?

Did Ender ever learn that he killed Stilson and/or Bonzo?

Fastest way to pop N items from a large dict

What are substitutions for coconut in curry?

Why is the President allowed to veto a cancellation of emergency powers?



Is it ever recommended to use mean/multiple imputation when using tree-based predictive models?


Orthogonal sets of variables in multiple imputation --> separate imputation models?Multiple Imputation Using Different Data Setsusing cluster information in multiple imputationMultiple Imputation for Spatial Modelsmultiple imputation models containing categorical variablesWhen to use multiple imputation chained equations vs regression to impute data?Multiple imputation when explained variance of imputation model is lowPredictive Mean Matching as Single Imputation?How to apply a model built using Multiple Imputation to predict on dataset with missing data?How NULLs in numerical variables are treated in tree-based models?













3












$begingroup$


Everytime that I am making some predictive model and I have missing data I impute categorical variables with something like "UNKNOWN" and numerical variables with some absurd number that will never be seen in practice (even if the variable is unbounded I can take the exponent of the variable and make the unknown values negative).



The main advantage is that the model knows that the variable is missing, which is not the case for say mean imputation. I can see that this could be disastrous in linear models or neural networks but in tree-based models this is handled really smoothly.



I know that there is a great deal of literature on missing data imputation, but when and why would I ever use these methods when missing data for predictive (tree-based) models?










share|cite|improve this question









$endgroup$











  • $begingroup$
    Imputing a large number for numeric data could be very bad for tree based models. Think of it this way, if your split is for example on income and the split is at say 100k, now everyone that was missing is going to be in the split with the high income earners
    $endgroup$
    – astel
    1 hour ago










  • $begingroup$
    The model will be fitted with that imputed values as well - so if they are significantly different than people with true high income the tree should make a split with true high and fake high (missing) income. If variability is low inside the tree node then there is not much to worry.
    $endgroup$
    – gsmafra
    1 hour ago















3












$begingroup$


Everytime that I am making some predictive model and I have missing data I impute categorical variables with something like "UNKNOWN" and numerical variables with some absurd number that will never be seen in practice (even if the variable is unbounded I can take the exponent of the variable and make the unknown values negative).



The main advantage is that the model knows that the variable is missing, which is not the case for say mean imputation. I can see that this could be disastrous in linear models or neural networks but in tree-based models this is handled really smoothly.



I know that there is a great deal of literature on missing data imputation, but when and why would I ever use these methods when missing data for predictive (tree-based) models?










share|cite|improve this question









$endgroup$











  • $begingroup$
    Imputing a large number for numeric data could be very bad for tree based models. Think of it this way, if your split is for example on income and the split is at say 100k, now everyone that was missing is going to be in the split with the high income earners
    $endgroup$
    – astel
    1 hour ago










  • $begingroup$
    The model will be fitted with that imputed values as well - so if they are significantly different than people with true high income the tree should make a split with true high and fake high (missing) income. If variability is low inside the tree node then there is not much to worry.
    $endgroup$
    – gsmafra
    1 hour ago













3












3








3


1



$begingroup$


Everytime that I am making some predictive model and I have missing data I impute categorical variables with something like "UNKNOWN" and numerical variables with some absurd number that will never be seen in practice (even if the variable is unbounded I can take the exponent of the variable and make the unknown values negative).



The main advantage is that the model knows that the variable is missing, which is not the case for say mean imputation. I can see that this could be disastrous in linear models or neural networks but in tree-based models this is handled really smoothly.



I know that there is a great deal of literature on missing data imputation, but when and why would I ever use these methods when missing data for predictive (tree-based) models?










share|cite|improve this question









$endgroup$




Everytime that I am making some predictive model and I have missing data I impute categorical variables with something like "UNKNOWN" and numerical variables with some absurd number that will never be seen in practice (even if the variable is unbounded I can take the exponent of the variable and make the unknown values negative).



The main advantage is that the model knows that the variable is missing, which is not the case for say mean imputation. I can see that this could be disastrous in linear models or neural networks but in tree-based models this is handled really smoothly.



I know that there is a great deal of literature on missing data imputation, but when and why would I ever use these methods when missing data for predictive (tree-based) models?







missing-data cart boosting data-imputation multiple-imputation






share|cite|improve this question













share|cite|improve this question











share|cite|improve this question




share|cite|improve this question










asked 1 hour ago









gsmafragsmafra

16518




16518











  • $begingroup$
    Imputing a large number for numeric data could be very bad for tree based models. Think of it this way, if your split is for example on income and the split is at say 100k, now everyone that was missing is going to be in the split with the high income earners
    $endgroup$
    – astel
    1 hour ago










  • $begingroup$
    The model will be fitted with that imputed values as well - so if they are significantly different than people with true high income the tree should make a split with true high and fake high (missing) income. If variability is low inside the tree node then there is not much to worry.
    $endgroup$
    – gsmafra
    1 hour ago
















  • $begingroup$
    Imputing a large number for numeric data could be very bad for tree based models. Think of it this way, if your split is for example on income and the split is at say 100k, now everyone that was missing is going to be in the split with the high income earners
    $endgroup$
    – astel
    1 hour ago










  • $begingroup$
    The model will be fitted with that imputed values as well - so if they are significantly different than people with true high income the tree should make a split with true high and fake high (missing) income. If variability is low inside the tree node then there is not much to worry.
    $endgroup$
    – gsmafra
    1 hour ago















$begingroup$
Imputing a large number for numeric data could be very bad for tree based models. Think of it this way, if your split is for example on income and the split is at say 100k, now everyone that was missing is going to be in the split with the high income earners
$endgroup$
– astel
1 hour ago




$begingroup$
Imputing a large number for numeric data could be very bad for tree based models. Think of it this way, if your split is for example on income and the split is at say 100k, now everyone that was missing is going to be in the split with the high income earners
$endgroup$
– astel
1 hour ago












$begingroup$
The model will be fitted with that imputed values as well - so if they are significantly different than people with true high income the tree should make a split with true high and fake high (missing) income. If variability is low inside the tree node then there is not much to worry.
$endgroup$
– gsmafra
1 hour ago




$begingroup$
The model will be fitted with that imputed values as well - so if they are significantly different than people with true high income the tree should make a split with true high and fake high (missing) income. If variability is low inside the tree node then there is not much to worry.
$endgroup$
– gsmafra
1 hour ago










1 Answer
1






active

oldest

votes


















2












$begingroup$

One reason you may not want to use "insert impossible value" methods is that means that your predictive model works conditional on the distribution of the data missingness remaining unchanged. Thus, if after building your tree model, it is realized that we can start using certain features more often, we can no longer use the model that was built using the "impute impossible value" method without retraining the model.



In fact, this problem is even further compounded if the rates of missingness changes during the data collection process itself. Then, even immediately after building the model, it is already "out of date", as the current rates of missingness will be different than the rates of missingness during when the data was collected.



To illustrate the issue, let's suppose a bank is building a database to help predict if clients will default on a loan. Early in the data collection process, loan officers have the option to conduct a background investigation, but they almost never do for clients they deem as trustworthy. Thus, for the especially trustworthy customers, the background check variable is almost always missing. If you use the "impute impossible value" method, having a possible value for background checks indicates high risk.



If background check rates don't change at all, then this "impute impossible value" method will likely still provide valid predictions. However, let's suppose the bank realizes that background checks are really helpful for assessing risk, so they change their policy to include background checks for everyone. Then, everyone will have a possible value for background checks and using the "impute impossible value" method, everyone will be flagged as "high risk".



Cross validation will not catch this issue, as the missingness distribution will be the same between the training and testing sets. So even though the "impute impossible value" method may lead to pretty results during cross-validation, this will lead to poor predictions upon deployment!



Note that you will essentially need to throw away all your data everytime your data collection policy changes! Alternatively, if you can correctly impute the missing values and their uncertainty, you can now use the data that was collected under the old policy.






share|cite|improve this answer











$endgroup$












  • $begingroup$
    That's a good point, imputation could be more robust on changes in the way data is missing. I will take your statement on throwing away past data as an exaggeration though - including a time variable and retraining the model should be enough make it usable again.
    $endgroup$
    – gsmafra
    33 mins ago










  • $begingroup$
    @gsmafra: In general, I don't think adding a time variable will fix the problem. For example, in a random forest, the time variable will only be included in 1/3 of the trees, so it won't even be included in the majority of the decision trees in your random forest.
    $endgroup$
    – Cliff AB
    25 mins ago










  • $begingroup$
    To be clear, I don't think you should throw out your data...but I'd only advise doing "impossible value imputation" on variables you don't think will be very predictive to start with or you're fairly certain that the missingness distribution is fairly stable.
    $endgroup$
    – Cliff AB
    24 mins ago











Your Answer





StackExchange.ifUsing("editor", function ()
return StackExchange.using("mathjaxEditing", function ()
StackExchange.MarkdownEditor.creationCallbacks.add(function (editor, postfix)
StackExchange.mathjaxEditing.prepareWmdForMathJax(editor, postfix, [["$", "$"], ["\\(","\\)"]]);
);
);
, "mathjax-editing");

StackExchange.ready(function()
var channelOptions =
tags: "".split(" "),
id: "65"
;
initTagRenderer("".split(" "), "".split(" "), channelOptions);

StackExchange.using("externalEditor", function()
// Have to fire editor after snippets, if snippets enabled
if (StackExchange.settings.snippets.snippetsEnabled)
StackExchange.using("snippets", function()
createEditor();
);

else
createEditor();

);

function createEditor()
StackExchange.prepareEditor(
heartbeatType: 'answer',
autoActivateHeartbeat: false,
convertImagesToLinks: false,
noModals: true,
showLowRepImageUploadWarning: true,
reputationToPostImages: null,
bindNavPrevention: true,
postfix: "",
imageUploader:
brandingHtml: "Powered by u003ca class="icon-imgur-white" href="https://imgur.com/"u003eu003c/au003e",
contentPolicyHtml: "User contributions licensed under u003ca href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/"u003ecc by-sa 3.0 with attribution requiredu003c/au003e u003ca href="https://stackoverflow.com/legal/content-policy"u003e(content policy)u003c/au003e",
allowUrls: true
,
onDemand: true,
discardSelector: ".discard-answer"
,immediatelyShowMarkdownHelp:true
);



);













draft saved

draft discarded


















StackExchange.ready(
function ()
StackExchange.openid.initPostLogin('.new-post-login', 'https%3a%2f%2fstats.stackexchange.com%2fquestions%2f397942%2fis-it-ever-recommended-to-use-mean-multiple-imputation-when-using-tree-based-pre%23new-answer', 'question_page');

);

Post as a guest















Required, but never shown

























1 Answer
1






active

oldest

votes








1 Answer
1






active

oldest

votes









active

oldest

votes






active

oldest

votes









2












$begingroup$

One reason you may not want to use "insert impossible value" methods is that means that your predictive model works conditional on the distribution of the data missingness remaining unchanged. Thus, if after building your tree model, it is realized that we can start using certain features more often, we can no longer use the model that was built using the "impute impossible value" method without retraining the model.



In fact, this problem is even further compounded if the rates of missingness changes during the data collection process itself. Then, even immediately after building the model, it is already "out of date", as the current rates of missingness will be different than the rates of missingness during when the data was collected.



To illustrate the issue, let's suppose a bank is building a database to help predict if clients will default on a loan. Early in the data collection process, loan officers have the option to conduct a background investigation, but they almost never do for clients they deem as trustworthy. Thus, for the especially trustworthy customers, the background check variable is almost always missing. If you use the "impute impossible value" method, having a possible value for background checks indicates high risk.



If background check rates don't change at all, then this "impute impossible value" method will likely still provide valid predictions. However, let's suppose the bank realizes that background checks are really helpful for assessing risk, so they change their policy to include background checks for everyone. Then, everyone will have a possible value for background checks and using the "impute impossible value" method, everyone will be flagged as "high risk".



Cross validation will not catch this issue, as the missingness distribution will be the same between the training and testing sets. So even though the "impute impossible value" method may lead to pretty results during cross-validation, this will lead to poor predictions upon deployment!



Note that you will essentially need to throw away all your data everytime your data collection policy changes! Alternatively, if you can correctly impute the missing values and their uncertainty, you can now use the data that was collected under the old policy.






share|cite|improve this answer











$endgroup$












  • $begingroup$
    That's a good point, imputation could be more robust on changes in the way data is missing. I will take your statement on throwing away past data as an exaggeration though - including a time variable and retraining the model should be enough make it usable again.
    $endgroup$
    – gsmafra
    33 mins ago










  • $begingroup$
    @gsmafra: In general, I don't think adding a time variable will fix the problem. For example, in a random forest, the time variable will only be included in 1/3 of the trees, so it won't even be included in the majority of the decision trees in your random forest.
    $endgroup$
    – Cliff AB
    25 mins ago










  • $begingroup$
    To be clear, I don't think you should throw out your data...but I'd only advise doing "impossible value imputation" on variables you don't think will be very predictive to start with or you're fairly certain that the missingness distribution is fairly stable.
    $endgroup$
    – Cliff AB
    24 mins ago
















2












$begingroup$

One reason you may not want to use "insert impossible value" methods is that means that your predictive model works conditional on the distribution of the data missingness remaining unchanged. Thus, if after building your tree model, it is realized that we can start using certain features more often, we can no longer use the model that was built using the "impute impossible value" method without retraining the model.



In fact, this problem is even further compounded if the rates of missingness changes during the data collection process itself. Then, even immediately after building the model, it is already "out of date", as the current rates of missingness will be different than the rates of missingness during when the data was collected.



To illustrate the issue, let's suppose a bank is building a database to help predict if clients will default on a loan. Early in the data collection process, loan officers have the option to conduct a background investigation, but they almost never do for clients they deem as trustworthy. Thus, for the especially trustworthy customers, the background check variable is almost always missing. If you use the "impute impossible value" method, having a possible value for background checks indicates high risk.



If background check rates don't change at all, then this "impute impossible value" method will likely still provide valid predictions. However, let's suppose the bank realizes that background checks are really helpful for assessing risk, so they change their policy to include background checks for everyone. Then, everyone will have a possible value for background checks and using the "impute impossible value" method, everyone will be flagged as "high risk".



Cross validation will not catch this issue, as the missingness distribution will be the same between the training and testing sets. So even though the "impute impossible value" method may lead to pretty results during cross-validation, this will lead to poor predictions upon deployment!



Note that you will essentially need to throw away all your data everytime your data collection policy changes! Alternatively, if you can correctly impute the missing values and their uncertainty, you can now use the data that was collected under the old policy.






share|cite|improve this answer











$endgroup$












  • $begingroup$
    That's a good point, imputation could be more robust on changes in the way data is missing. I will take your statement on throwing away past data as an exaggeration though - including a time variable and retraining the model should be enough make it usable again.
    $endgroup$
    – gsmafra
    33 mins ago










  • $begingroup$
    @gsmafra: In general, I don't think adding a time variable will fix the problem. For example, in a random forest, the time variable will only be included in 1/3 of the trees, so it won't even be included in the majority of the decision trees in your random forest.
    $endgroup$
    – Cliff AB
    25 mins ago










  • $begingroup$
    To be clear, I don't think you should throw out your data...but I'd only advise doing "impossible value imputation" on variables you don't think will be very predictive to start with or you're fairly certain that the missingness distribution is fairly stable.
    $endgroup$
    – Cliff AB
    24 mins ago














2












2








2





$begingroup$

One reason you may not want to use "insert impossible value" methods is that means that your predictive model works conditional on the distribution of the data missingness remaining unchanged. Thus, if after building your tree model, it is realized that we can start using certain features more often, we can no longer use the model that was built using the "impute impossible value" method without retraining the model.



In fact, this problem is even further compounded if the rates of missingness changes during the data collection process itself. Then, even immediately after building the model, it is already "out of date", as the current rates of missingness will be different than the rates of missingness during when the data was collected.



To illustrate the issue, let's suppose a bank is building a database to help predict if clients will default on a loan. Early in the data collection process, loan officers have the option to conduct a background investigation, but they almost never do for clients they deem as trustworthy. Thus, for the especially trustworthy customers, the background check variable is almost always missing. If you use the "impute impossible value" method, having a possible value for background checks indicates high risk.



If background check rates don't change at all, then this "impute impossible value" method will likely still provide valid predictions. However, let's suppose the bank realizes that background checks are really helpful for assessing risk, so they change their policy to include background checks for everyone. Then, everyone will have a possible value for background checks and using the "impute impossible value" method, everyone will be flagged as "high risk".



Cross validation will not catch this issue, as the missingness distribution will be the same between the training and testing sets. So even though the "impute impossible value" method may lead to pretty results during cross-validation, this will lead to poor predictions upon deployment!



Note that you will essentially need to throw away all your data everytime your data collection policy changes! Alternatively, if you can correctly impute the missing values and their uncertainty, you can now use the data that was collected under the old policy.






share|cite|improve this answer











$endgroup$



One reason you may not want to use "insert impossible value" methods is that means that your predictive model works conditional on the distribution of the data missingness remaining unchanged. Thus, if after building your tree model, it is realized that we can start using certain features more often, we can no longer use the model that was built using the "impute impossible value" method without retraining the model.



In fact, this problem is even further compounded if the rates of missingness changes during the data collection process itself. Then, even immediately after building the model, it is already "out of date", as the current rates of missingness will be different than the rates of missingness during when the data was collected.



To illustrate the issue, let's suppose a bank is building a database to help predict if clients will default on a loan. Early in the data collection process, loan officers have the option to conduct a background investigation, but they almost never do for clients they deem as trustworthy. Thus, for the especially trustworthy customers, the background check variable is almost always missing. If you use the "impute impossible value" method, having a possible value for background checks indicates high risk.



If background check rates don't change at all, then this "impute impossible value" method will likely still provide valid predictions. However, let's suppose the bank realizes that background checks are really helpful for assessing risk, so they change their policy to include background checks for everyone. Then, everyone will have a possible value for background checks and using the "impute impossible value" method, everyone will be flagged as "high risk".



Cross validation will not catch this issue, as the missingness distribution will be the same between the training and testing sets. So even though the "impute impossible value" method may lead to pretty results during cross-validation, this will lead to poor predictions upon deployment!



Note that you will essentially need to throw away all your data everytime your data collection policy changes! Alternatively, if you can correctly impute the missing values and their uncertainty, you can now use the data that was collected under the old policy.







share|cite|improve this answer














share|cite|improve this answer



share|cite|improve this answer








edited 48 mins ago

























answered 1 hour ago









Cliff ABCliff AB

13.5k12567




13.5k12567











  • $begingroup$
    That's a good point, imputation could be more robust on changes in the way data is missing. I will take your statement on throwing away past data as an exaggeration though - including a time variable and retraining the model should be enough make it usable again.
    $endgroup$
    – gsmafra
    33 mins ago










  • $begingroup$
    @gsmafra: In general, I don't think adding a time variable will fix the problem. For example, in a random forest, the time variable will only be included in 1/3 of the trees, so it won't even be included in the majority of the decision trees in your random forest.
    $endgroup$
    – Cliff AB
    25 mins ago










  • $begingroup$
    To be clear, I don't think you should throw out your data...but I'd only advise doing "impossible value imputation" on variables you don't think will be very predictive to start with or you're fairly certain that the missingness distribution is fairly stable.
    $endgroup$
    – Cliff AB
    24 mins ago

















  • $begingroup$
    That's a good point, imputation could be more robust on changes in the way data is missing. I will take your statement on throwing away past data as an exaggeration though - including a time variable and retraining the model should be enough make it usable again.
    $endgroup$
    – gsmafra
    33 mins ago










  • $begingroup$
    @gsmafra: In general, I don't think adding a time variable will fix the problem. For example, in a random forest, the time variable will only be included in 1/3 of the trees, so it won't even be included in the majority of the decision trees in your random forest.
    $endgroup$
    – Cliff AB
    25 mins ago










  • $begingroup$
    To be clear, I don't think you should throw out your data...but I'd only advise doing "impossible value imputation" on variables you don't think will be very predictive to start with or you're fairly certain that the missingness distribution is fairly stable.
    $endgroup$
    – Cliff AB
    24 mins ago
















$begingroup$
That's a good point, imputation could be more robust on changes in the way data is missing. I will take your statement on throwing away past data as an exaggeration though - including a time variable and retraining the model should be enough make it usable again.
$endgroup$
– gsmafra
33 mins ago




$begingroup$
That's a good point, imputation could be more robust on changes in the way data is missing. I will take your statement on throwing away past data as an exaggeration though - including a time variable and retraining the model should be enough make it usable again.
$endgroup$
– gsmafra
33 mins ago












$begingroup$
@gsmafra: In general, I don't think adding a time variable will fix the problem. For example, in a random forest, the time variable will only be included in 1/3 of the trees, so it won't even be included in the majority of the decision trees in your random forest.
$endgroup$
– Cliff AB
25 mins ago




$begingroup$
@gsmafra: In general, I don't think adding a time variable will fix the problem. For example, in a random forest, the time variable will only be included in 1/3 of the trees, so it won't even be included in the majority of the decision trees in your random forest.
$endgroup$
– Cliff AB
25 mins ago












$begingroup$
To be clear, I don't think you should throw out your data...but I'd only advise doing "impossible value imputation" on variables you don't think will be very predictive to start with or you're fairly certain that the missingness distribution is fairly stable.
$endgroup$
– Cliff AB
24 mins ago





$begingroup$
To be clear, I don't think you should throw out your data...but I'd only advise doing "impossible value imputation" on variables you don't think will be very predictive to start with or you're fairly certain that the missingness distribution is fairly stable.
$endgroup$
– Cliff AB
24 mins ago


















draft saved

draft discarded
















































Thanks for contributing an answer to Cross Validated!


  • Please be sure to answer the question. Provide details and share your research!

But avoid


  • Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers.

  • Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience.

Use MathJax to format equations. MathJax reference.


To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers.




draft saved


draft discarded














StackExchange.ready(
function ()
StackExchange.openid.initPostLogin('.new-post-login', 'https%3a%2f%2fstats.stackexchange.com%2fquestions%2f397942%2fis-it-ever-recommended-to-use-mean-multiple-imputation-when-using-tree-based-pre%23new-answer', 'question_page');

);

Post as a guest















Required, but never shown





















































Required, but never shown














Required, but never shown












Required, but never shown







Required, but never shown

































Required, but never shown














Required, but never shown












Required, but never shown







Required, but never shown







Popular posts from this blog

Are there any AGPL-style licences that require source code modifications to be public? Planned maintenance scheduled April 23, 2019 at 23:30 UTC (7:30pm US/Eastern) Announcing the arrival of Valued Associate #679: Cesar Manara Unicorn Meta Zoo #1: Why another podcast?Force derivative works to be publicAre there any GPL like licenses for Apple App Store?Do you violate the GPL if you provide source code that cannot be compiled?GPL - is it distribution to use libraries in an appliance loaned to customers?Distributing App for free which uses GPL'ed codeModifications of server software under GPL, with web/CLI interfaceDoes using an AGPLv3-licensed library prevent me from dual-licensing my own source code?Can I publish only select code under GPLv3 from a private project?Is there published precedent regarding the scope of covered work that uses AGPL software?If MIT licensed code links to GPL licensed code what should be the license of the resulting binary program?If I use a public API endpoint that has its source code licensed under AGPL in my app, do I need to disclose my source?

2013 GY136 Descoberta | Órbita | Referências Menu de navegação«List Of Centaurs and Scattered-Disk Objects»«List of Known Trans-Neptunian Objects»

Button changing it's text & action. Good or terrible? The 2019 Stack Overflow Developer Survey Results Are Inchanging text on user mouseoverShould certain functions be “hard to find” for powerusers to discover?Custom liking function - do I need user login?Using different checkbox style for different checkbox behaviorBest Practices: Save and Exit in Software UIInteraction with remote validated formMore efficient UI to progress the user through a complicated process?Designing a popup notice for a gameShould bulk-editing functions be hidden until a table row is selected, or is there a better solution?Is it bad practice to disable (replace) the context menu?