Laplaciano Índice Definição do laplaciano escalar | Definição do laplaciano vetorial | Propriedades do laplaciano | Ver também | Referências Ligações externas | Menu de navegação«Faça exemplos com O Monitor»«Faça exemplos com O Monitor»O laplaciano: de Gauss a Beltrami até Hodge-de Rhamexpandindo-oe

Cálculo vetorial


físicanablaoperador diferencialPierre-Simon Laplaceequações de derivadas parciaisfísicosespaço euclidianodivergentegradientederivadas parciaiscoordenadas polarescoordenadas esféricascoordenadas cilíndricascoordenadas cilíndricascoordenadas esféricas




Em matemática e física, o Laplaciano ou Operador de Laplace (ou ainda operador de Laplace-Beltrami), denotado por Δdisplaystyle Delta ,  ou ∇2displaystyle nabla ^2, sendo ∇displaystyle nabla o operador nabla, é um operador diferencial de segunda ordem. O Laplaciano, nome dado em homenagem a Pierre-Simon Laplace, aparece naturalmente em diversas equações de derivadas parciais que modelam problemas físicos.




Índice





  • 1 Definição do laplaciano escalar

    • 1.1 Laplaciano escalar em R2displaystyle mathbb R ^2


    • 1.2 Laplaciano escalar em R3displaystyle mathbb R ^3



  • 2 Definição do laplaciano vetorial

    • 2.1 Laplaciano vetorial em R3displaystyle mathbb R ^3 e coordenadas cartesianas


    • 2.2 Laplaciano vetorial em R3displaystyle mathbb R ^3 e coordenadas cilíndricas


    • 2.3 Laplaciano vetorial em R3displaystyle mathbb R ^3 e coordenadas esféricas



  • 3 Propriedades do laplaciano


  • 4 Ver também


  • 5 Referências


  • 6 Ligações externas




Definição do laplaciano escalar |


O operador Laplaciano no espaço euclidiano n-dimensional é definido como o divergente do gradiente:


Δϕ=∇2ϕ=∇⋅(∇ϕ)=div⁡(grad⁡ϕ)displaystyle Delta phi =nabla ^2phi =nabla cdot left(nabla phi right)=operatorname div left(operatorname grad phi right)



Equivalentemente, o laplaciano é a soma de todas as derivadas parciais simples de segunda ordem:


Seja u:Rn→Rdisplaystyle u:mathbb R ^nto mathbb R , assim, o Laplaciano é definido como:


Δu=∑i=1n∂2u∂xi2displaystyle Delta u=sum _i=1^nfrac partial ^2upartial x_i^2


Laplaciano escalar em R2displaystyle mathbb R ^2 |


O caso particular em R2displaystyle mathbf R ^2, onde as componentes são denotadas por x e y, temos:



Δu=∂2u∂x2+∂2u∂y2displaystyle Delta u=frac partial ^2upartial x^2+frac partial ^2upartial y^2[1]

Em coordenadas polares (r,ϕ)displaystyle left(r,phi right), assume a forma:


Δu=1r∂∂r(r∂u∂r)+1r2∂2u∂ϕ2displaystyle Delta u=1 over rpartial over partial rleft(rpartial u over partial rright)+1 over r^2partial ^2u over partial phi ^2


Laplaciano escalar em R3displaystyle mathbb R ^3 |


O caso particular em R3displaystyle mathbf R ^3, onde as componentes são denotadas por x, y e z, temos:



Δu=∂2u∂x2+∂2u∂y2+∂2u∂z2displaystyle Delta u=frac partial ^2upartial x^2+frac partial ^2upartial y^2+frac partial ^2upartial z^2[2]

Em coordenadas esféricas (r,θ,ϕ)displaystyle left(r,theta ,phi right), assume a forma:


Δu=1r2∂∂r(r2∂u∂r)+1r2sin⁡θ∂∂θ(sin⁡θ∂u∂θ)+1r2sin2⁡θ∂2u∂ϕ2displaystyle Delta u=1 over r^2partial over partial rleft(r^2partial u over partial rright)+1 over r^2sin theta partial over partial theta left(sin theta partial u over partial theta right)+1 over r^2sin ^2theta partial ^2u over partial phi ^2

Em coordenadas cilíndricas (r,ϕ,z)displaystyle left(r,phi ,zright), assume a forma:


Δu=1r∂∂r(r∂u∂r)+1r2∂2u∂ϕ2+∂2u∂z2displaystyle Delta u=1 over rpartial over partial rleft(rpartial u over partial rright)+1 over r^2partial ^2u over partial phi ^2+partial ^2u over partial z^2


Definição do laplaciano vetorial |


Seja A:Rm→Rndisplaystyle mathbf A :mathbb R ^mto mathbb R ^n, o Laplaciano é denotado por Δdisplaystyle Delta e é definido como a aplicação do laplaciano escalar em cada uma das componentes de u=(A1,…,Am)displaystyle mathbf u =left(A_1,ldots ,A_mright):


ΔA=(△A1,…,△Am)=ΔA=(ΔAx)i+(ΔAy)j+(ΔAz)kdisplaystyle Delta mathbf A =left(triangle A_1,ldots ,triangle A_mright)=Delta mathbf A =left(Delta A_xright)mathbf i +left(Delta A_yright)mathbf j +left(Delta A_zright)mathbf k




Laplaciano vetorial em R3displaystyle mathbb R ^3 e coordenadas cartesianas |


Em R3displaystyle mathbb R ^3, vale a igualdade:


ΔA=∇(∇⋅A)−∇×∇×Adisplaystyle Delta mathbf A =nabla left(nabla cdot mathbf A right)-nabla times nabla times mathbf A

O (importante) caso particular em que ∇⋅A=0displaystyle nabla cdot mathbf A =0, vale:


ΔA=−∇×∇×Adisplaystyle Delta mathbf A =-nabla times nabla times mathbf A

ou seja, o laplaciano é negativo do rotacional do rotacional.



Laplaciano vetorial em R3displaystyle mathbb R ^3 e coordenadas cilíndricas |


O sistema de coordenadas cilíndricas usual rdisplaystyle r, θdisplaystyle theta , zdisplaystyle z, em Adisplaystyle mathbf A :


ΔA=(∂2Ar∂r2+1r2∂2Ar∂θ2+∂2Ar∂z2+1r∂Ar∂r−2r2∂Aθ∂θ−Arr2)ar+(∂2Aθ∂r2+1r2∂2Aθ∂θ2+∂2Aθ∂z2+1r∂Aθ∂r+2r2∂Ar∂θ−Aθr2)aθ+(∂2Az∂r2+1r2∂2Az∂θ2+∂2Az∂z2+1r∂Az∂r)azdisplaystyle beginaligned&Delta mathbf A =left(frac partial ^2A_rpartial r^2+frac 1r^2frac partial ^2A_rpartial theta ^2+frac partial ^2A_rpartial z^2+frac 1rfrac partial A_rpartial r-frac 2r^2frac partial A_theta partial theta -frac A_rr^2right)mathbf a _r+\&,,,,,,,,,,,,,left(frac partial ^2A_theta partial r^2+frac 1r^2frac partial ^2A_theta partial theta ^2+frac partial ^2A_theta partial z^2+frac 1rfrac partial A_theta partial r+frac 2r^2frac partial A_rpartial theta -frac A_theta r^2right)mathbf a _theta +\&,,,,,,,,,,,,,left(frac partial ^2A_zpartial r^2+frac 1r^2frac partial ^2A_zpartial theta ^2+frac partial ^2A_zpartial z^2+frac 1rfrac partial A_zpartial rright)mathbf a _z\endaligned




Laplaciano vetorial em R3displaystyle mathbb R ^3 e coordenadas esféricas |


O sistema de coordenadas esféricas usual rdisplaystyle r, θdisplaystyle theta , ϕdisplaystyle phi , em Adisplaystyle mathbf A :


ΔA=(1r∂2(rAr)∂r2+1r2∂2Ar∂θ2+1r2sin2θ∂2Ar∂ϕ2+cot⁡θr2∂Ar∂θ−2r2∂Aθ∂θ−2r2sin⁡θ∂Aϕ∂ϕ−2Arr2−2cot⁡θr2Aθ)ar+(1r∂2(rAθ)∂r2+1r2∂2Aθ∂θ2+1r2sin2θ∂2Aθ∂ϕ2+cot⁡θr2∂Aθ∂θ−2r2cot⁡θsin⁡θ∂Aϕ∂ϕ+2r2∂Ar∂θ−Aθr2sin2θ)aθ+(1r∂2(rAϕ)∂r2+1r2∂2Aϕ∂θ2+1r2sin2θ∂2Aϕ∂ϕ2+cot⁡θr2∂Aϕ∂θ+2r2sin⁡θ∂Ar∂ϕ+2r2cot⁡θsin⁡θ∂Aθ∂ϕ−Aϕr2sin2θ)aϕdisplaystyle beginaligned&Delta mathbf A =left(frac 1rfrac partial ^2(rA_r)partial r^2+frac 1r^2frac partial ^2A_rpartial theta ^2+frac 1r^2sin ^2theta frac partial ^2A_rpartial phi ^2+frac cot theta r^2frac partial A_rpartial theta -frac 2r^2frac partial A_theta partial theta -frac 2r^2sin theta frac partial A_phi partial phi -frac 2A_rr^2-frac 2cot theta r^2A_theta right)mathbf a _r+\&,,,,,,,,,,,,,left(frac 1rfrac partial ^2(rA_theta )partial r^2+frac 1r^2frac partial ^2A_theta partial theta ^2+frac 1r^2sin ^2theta frac partial ^2A_theta partial phi ^2+frac cot theta r^2frac partial A_theta partial theta -frac 2r^2frac cot theta sin theta frac partial A_phi partial phi +frac 2r^2frac partial A_rpartial theta -frac A_theta r^2sin ^2theta right)mathbf a _theta +\&,,,,,,,,,,,,,left(frac 1rfrac partial ^2(rA_phi )partial r^2+frac 1r^2frac partial ^2A_phi partial theta ^2+frac 1r^2sin ^2theta frac partial ^2A_phi partial phi ^2+frac cot theta r^2frac partial A_phi partial theta +frac 2r^2sin theta frac partial A_rpartial phi +frac 2r^2frac cot theta sin theta frac partial A_theta partial phi -frac A_phi r^2sin ^2theta right)mathbf a _phi \endaligned


Propriedades do laplaciano |


O laplaciano é um operador linear:


  • Δ(αf(x)+βg(x))=αΔf(x)+βΔg(x)displaystyle Delta left(alpha f(x)+beta g(x)right)=alpha Delta f(x)+beta Delta g(x)

A regra do produto:


  • Δ(fg)=(Δf)g+2(∇f)⋅(∇g)+f(Δg)displaystyle Delta (fg)=(Delta f)g+2(nabla f)cdot (nabla g)+f(Delta g)


Ver também |


  • Potencial newtoniano

  • Gradiente

  • Divergente

  • Rotacional

  • Cálculo vetorial


Referências



  1. ↑ «Faça exemplos com O Monitor». omonitor.io. Consultado em 23 de março de 2016 


  2. ↑ «Faça exemplos com O Monitor». omonitor.io. Consultado em 23 de março de 2016 



Ligações externas |


  • Roldao da Rocha Jr. E. Capelas de Oliveira e Jayme Vaz Jr.; O laplaciano: de Gauss a Beltrami até Hodge-de Rham (formato PostScript)


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