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NPN: Not fully sinking to GND

read 12V logic pin from arduino using an NPN transistorNPN BJT in saturation, base voltage irrelevant?How to pull low with a transistor?Circuit to switch about 5W of 12V using CMOS logic inputs using N-channel MOSFET?Do I need a level shifter with an open drain outputDo bi-directional level converters connect either input directly to ground?NPN transistor wired correctly?NPN driving PNP, Diode from NPN Base to PNP Collector?Logic Level Converter not converting low logic level as expected?Non-inverting output of transistor circuit (at NPN base) is 0.69V max. why?

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1

$begingroup$

I'm using an NPN to pull a 12v (5mA) signal low from an MCU (logic level). My problem is that when I pull the 12v line low, 7.4v are still present at the 12v side of the line using the circuit below:

When I remove R2 and connect the signal directly to the collector pin on the NPN, about 110mV are still left on the line. See below:

Why isn't the NPN fully pulling the line low, and what can I do to fix it?

digital-logic npn logic-level

share|improve this question

asked 3 hours ago

t3ddftwt3ddftw

727

$endgroup$

• 
  
  
  

  
  4
  

  
  
  
  
  
  

  
  $begingroup$
  In your 2nd schematic, your output signal will always be 12V, and your input !signal will only control how hot your poor transistor gets. Are you sure this is what you intended to draw?
  $endgroup$
  – brhans
  3 hours ago
  

  
  
  
  


• 
  
  
  

  
  1
  

  
  
  
  
  
  

  
  $begingroup$
  Are you sure the resistor is actually 4.7K?
  $endgroup$
  – Spehro Pefhany
  3 hours ago
  

  
  
  
  


• 
  
  
  

  
  1
  

  
  
  
  
  
  

  
  $begingroup$
  reduce R1 and increase R2. or use a logic-level N-chan FET
  $endgroup$
  – dandavis
  3 hours ago
  

  
  
  
  


• 
  
  
  

  
  

  
  
  
  
  
  

  
  $begingroup$
  @brhans - I'm a hobbyist, so bear with me -- Yes, this is how I've wired it on my breadboard and tested with my multimeter. Perhaps I'm measuring incorrectly.
  $endgroup$
  – t3ddftw
  3 hours ago
  

  
  
  
  


• 
  
  
  

  
  

  
  
  
  
  
  

  
  $begingroup$
  @SpehroPefhany - Actually, you're right -- it's a 5.6k resistor. I don't have a 4.7k to test with, but I tried 270ohms and still found about 1.2v at the signal.
  $endgroup$
  – t3ddftw
  3 hours ago
  

  
  
  
  

 | 
show 7 more comments

1

$begingroup$

I'm using an NPN to pull a 12v (5mA) signal low from an MCU (logic level). My problem is that when I pull the 12v line low, 7.4v are still present at the 12v side of the line using the circuit below:

When I remove R2 and connect the signal directly to the collector pin on the NPN, about 110mV are still left on the line. See below:

Why isn't the NPN fully pulling the line low, and what can I do to fix it?

digital-logic npn logic-level

share|improve this question

asked 3 hours ago

t3ddftwt3ddftw

727

$endgroup$

• 
  
  
  

  
  4
  

  
  
  
  
  
  

  
  $begingroup$
  In your 2nd schematic, your output signal will always be 12V, and your input !signal will only control how hot your poor transistor gets. Are you sure this is what you intended to draw?
  $endgroup$
  – brhans
  3 hours ago
  

  
  
  
  


• 
  
  
  

  
  1
  

  
  
  
  
  
  

  
  $begingroup$
  Are you sure the resistor is actually 4.7K?
  $endgroup$
  – Spehro Pefhany
  3 hours ago
  

  
  
  
  


• 
  
  
  

  
  1
  

  
  
  
  
  
  

  
  $begingroup$
  reduce R1 and increase R2. or use a logic-level N-chan FET
  $endgroup$
  – dandavis
  3 hours ago
  

  
  
  
  


• 
  
  
  

  
  

  
  
  
  
  
  

  
  $begingroup$
  @brhans - I'm a hobbyist, so bear with me -- Yes, this is how I've wired it on my breadboard and tested with my multimeter. Perhaps I'm measuring incorrectly.
  $endgroup$
  – t3ddftw
  3 hours ago
  

  
  
  
  


• 
  
  
  

  
  

  
  
  
  
  
  

  
  $begingroup$
  @SpehroPefhany - Actually, you're right -- it's a 5.6k resistor. I don't have a 4.7k to test with, but I tried 270ohms and still found about 1.2v at the signal.
  $endgroup$
  – t3ddftw
  3 hours ago
  

  
  
  
  

 | 
show 7 more comments

$begingroup$

I'm using an NPN to pull a 12v (5mA) signal low from an MCU (logic level). My problem is that when I pull the 12v line low, 7.4v are still present at the 12v side of the line using the circuit below:

When I remove R2 and connect the signal directly to the collector pin on the NPN, about 110mV are still left on the line. See below:

Why isn't the NPN fully pulling the line low, and what can I do to fix it?

digital-logic npn logic-level

share|improve this question

asked 3 hours ago

t3ddftwt3ddftw

727

$endgroup$

share|improve this question

asked 3 hours ago

t3ddftwt3ddftw

727

share|improve this question

asked 3 hours ago

t3ddftwt3ddftw

727

asked 3 hours ago

t3ddftwt3ddftw

727

asked 3 hours ago

t3ddftwt3ddftw

727

2 Answers
2

active

oldest

votes

2

$begingroup$

Most of the commenters so far seem to think that the line you labeled "12V" is a power supply. However, I take it that you mean that it is a control signal that is pulled up to 12V — presumably through a pullup resistor of 2400 Ω, since you also specify a current of 5 mA.

Your second circuit is correct, and 110 mV is perfectly reasonable for a saturated NPN transistor @ 5 mA. If your equipment really requires a lower voltage drop than that, then you'll have to try either a logic-level MOSFET or a mechanical relay. Are you saying that the radio is failing to mute using the transistor?

share|improve this answer

answered 2 hours ago

Dave Tweed♦Dave Tweed

125k10155269

$endgroup$

• 
  
  
  

  
  

  
  
  
  
  
  

  
  $begingroup$
  Dave -- Bingo! I should've made it more clear that the 12v line is a digital logic line only passing 5mA (so your presumption is likely correct). I assumed that the equipment required 0v to "respond" to the mute signal, but I will do some testing to see if the 110mV is low enough to trigger the mute. Given the 5mA being passed, I'm safe to use schematic #2 without risking the BJT, right?
  $endgroup$
  – t3ddftw
  2 hours ago
  

  
  
  
  


• 
  
  
  

  
  1
  

  
  
  
  
  
  

  
  $begingroup$
  Right. The 2N3904 would safely handle several hundred mA.
  $endgroup$
  – Dave Tweed♦
  2 hours ago
  

  
  
  
  


• 
  
  
  

  
  

  
  
  
  
  
  

  
  $begingroup$
  Perfect! I will test the circuit with speakers connected to ensure the output is muted. Thanks for your help!
  $endgroup$
  – t3ddftw
  1 hour ago
  

  
  
  
  

add a comment | 

2

$begingroup$

The NPN should pull the signal line down when enabled to the 10mV's range. In the second schematic you show an NPN connected directly to the 12V line. This would dissipate approximately 1 watt which is exceeding the absolute maximum rating of the part and probably causing it to fail.

Check the 2n3094 with a multimeter, if it's bad replace it (or just replace it with a new one). IF it looks good then check the resistor or the wiring. Do a conductivity test on the circuit with the meter to make sure it matches the schematic.

share|improve this answer

answered 3 hours ago

laptop2dlaptop2d

28.5k123786

$endgroup$

• 
  
  
  

  
  

  
  
  
  
  
  

  
  $begingroup$
  Actually, the NPN tested out good. I tested at signal and I'm indeed getting sub-100mV voltage using schematic #1. However, why am I still seeing ~7v on the 12v side of R2? Essentially, I need to pull that 12v signal to GND, so I'm just a little confused :)
  $endgroup$
  – t3ddftw
  2 hours ago
  

  
  
  
  


• 
  
  
  

  
  

  
  
  
  
  
  

  
  $begingroup$
  How much current can the 12V signal source?
  $endgroup$
  – laptop2d
  2 hours ago
  

  
  
  
  


• 
  
  
  

  
  

  
  
  
  
  
  

  
  $begingroup$
  5mA is what it tested at.
  $endgroup$
  – t3ddftw
  2 hours ago
  

  
  
  
  

add a comment | 

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2

$begingroup$

Most of the commenters so far seem to think that the line you labeled "12V" is a power supply. However, I take it that you mean that it is a control signal that is pulled up to 12V — presumably through a pullup resistor of 2400 Ω, since you also specify a current of 5 mA.

Your second circuit is correct, and 110 mV is perfectly reasonable for a saturated NPN transistor @ 5 mA. If your equipment really requires a lower voltage drop than that, then you'll have to try either a logic-level MOSFET or a mechanical relay. Are you saying that the radio is failing to mute using the transistor?

share|improve this answer

answered 2 hours ago

Dave Tweed♦Dave Tweed

125k10155269

$endgroup$

• 
  
  
  

  
  

  
  
  
  
  
  

  
  $begingroup$
  Dave -- Bingo! I should've made it more clear that the 12v line is a digital logic line only passing 5mA (so your presumption is likely correct). I assumed that the equipment required 0v to "respond" to the mute signal, but I will do some testing to see if the 110mV is low enough to trigger the mute. Given the 5mA being passed, I'm safe to use schematic #2 without risking the BJT, right?
  $endgroup$
  – t3ddftw
  2 hours ago
  

  
  
  
  


• 
  
  
  

  
  1
  

  
  
  
  
  
  

  
  $begingroup$
  Right. The 2N3904 would safely handle several hundred mA.
  $endgroup$
  – Dave Tweed♦
  2 hours ago
  

  
  
  
  


• 
  
  
  

  
  

  
  
  
  
  
  

  
  $begingroup$
  Perfect! I will test the circuit with speakers connected to ensure the output is muted. Thanks for your help!
  $endgroup$
  – t3ddftw
  1 hour ago
  

  
  
  
  

add a comment | 

2

$begingroup$

Most of the commenters so far seem to think that the line you labeled "12V" is a power supply. However, I take it that you mean that it is a control signal that is pulled up to 12V — presumably through a pullup resistor of 2400 Ω, since you also specify a current of 5 mA.

Your second circuit is correct, and 110 mV is perfectly reasonable for a saturated NPN transistor @ 5 mA. If your equipment really requires a lower voltage drop than that, then you'll have to try either a logic-level MOSFET or a mechanical relay. Are you saying that the radio is failing to mute using the transistor?

share|improve this answer

answered 2 hours ago

Dave Tweed♦Dave Tweed

125k10155269

$endgroup$

• 
  
  
  

  
  

  
  
  
  
  
  

  
  $begingroup$
  Dave -- Bingo! I should've made it more clear that the 12v line is a digital logic line only passing 5mA (so your presumption is likely correct). I assumed that the equipment required 0v to "respond" to the mute signal, but I will do some testing to see if the 110mV is low enough to trigger the mute. Given the 5mA being passed, I'm safe to use schematic #2 without risking the BJT, right?
  $endgroup$
  – t3ddftw
  2 hours ago
  

  
  
  
  


• 
  
  
  

  
  1
  

  
  
  
  
  
  

  
  $begingroup$
  Right. The 2N3904 would safely handle several hundred mA.
  $endgroup$
  – Dave Tweed♦
  2 hours ago
  

  
  
  
  


• 
  
  
  

  
  

  
  
  
  
  
  

  
  $begingroup$
  Perfect! I will test the circuit with speakers connected to ensure the output is muted. Thanks for your help!
  $endgroup$
  – t3ddftw
  1 hour ago
  

  
  
  
  

add a comment | 

$begingroup$

Most of the commenters so far seem to think that the line you labeled "12V" is a power supply. However, I take it that you mean that it is a control signal that is pulled up to 12V — presumably through a pullup resistor of 2400 Ω, since you also specify a current of 5 mA.

Your second circuit is correct, and 110 mV is perfectly reasonable for a saturated NPN transistor @ 5 mA. If your equipment really requires a lower voltage drop than that, then you'll have to try either a logic-level MOSFET or a mechanical relay. Are you saying that the radio is failing to mute using the transistor?

share|improve this answer

answered 2 hours ago

Dave Tweed♦Dave Tweed

125k10155269

$endgroup$

share|improve this answer

answered 2 hours ago

Dave Tweed♦Dave Tweed

125k10155269

answered 2 hours ago

Dave Tweed♦Dave Tweed

125k10155269

answered 2 hours ago

Dave Tweed♦Dave Tweed

125k10155269

2

$begingroup$

The NPN should pull the signal line down when enabled to the 10mV's range. In the second schematic you show an NPN connected directly to the 12V line. This would dissipate approximately 1 watt which is exceeding the absolute maximum rating of the part and probably causing it to fail.

Check the 2n3094 with a multimeter, if it's bad replace it (or just replace it with a new one). IF it looks good then check the resistor or the wiring. Do a conductivity test on the circuit with the meter to make sure it matches the schematic.

share|improve this answer

answered 3 hours ago

laptop2dlaptop2d

28.5k123786

$endgroup$

• 
  
  
  

  
  

  
  
  
  
  
  

  
  $begingroup$
  Actually, the NPN tested out good. I tested at signal and I'm indeed getting sub-100mV voltage using schematic #1. However, why am I still seeing ~7v on the 12v side of R2? Essentially, I need to pull that 12v signal to GND, so I'm just a little confused :)
  $endgroup$
  – t3ddftw
  2 hours ago
  

  
  
  
  


• 
  
  
  

  
  

  
  
  
  
  
  

  
  $begingroup$
  How much current can the 12V signal source?
  $endgroup$
  – laptop2d
  2 hours ago
  

  
  
  
  


• 
  
  
  

  
  

  
  
  
  
  
  

  
  $begingroup$
  5mA is what it tested at.
  $endgroup$
  – t3ddftw
  2 hours ago
  

  
  
  
  

add a comment | 

2

$begingroup$

The NPN should pull the signal line down when enabled to the 10mV's range. In the second schematic you show an NPN connected directly to the 12V line. This would dissipate approximately 1 watt which is exceeding the absolute maximum rating of the part and probably causing it to fail.

Check the 2n3094 with a multimeter, if it's bad replace it (or just replace it with a new one). IF it looks good then check the resistor or the wiring. Do a conductivity test on the circuit with the meter to make sure it matches the schematic.

share|improve this answer

answered 3 hours ago

laptop2dlaptop2d

28.5k123786

$endgroup$

• 
  
  
  

  
  

  
  
  
  
  
  

  
  $begingroup$
  Actually, the NPN tested out good. I tested at signal and I'm indeed getting sub-100mV voltage using schematic #1. However, why am I still seeing ~7v on the 12v side of R2? Essentially, I need to pull that 12v signal to GND, so I'm just a little confused :)
  $endgroup$
  – t3ddftw
  2 hours ago
  

  
  
  
  


• 
  
  
  

  
  

  
  
  
  
  
  

  
  $begingroup$
  How much current can the 12V signal source?
  $endgroup$
  – laptop2d
  2 hours ago
  

  
  
  
  


• 
  
  
  

  
  

  
  
  
  
  
  

  
  $begingroup$
  5mA is what it tested at.
  $endgroup$
  – t3ddftw
  2 hours ago
  

  
  
  
  

add a comment | 

$begingroup$

The NPN should pull the signal line down when enabled to the 10mV's range. In the second schematic you show an NPN connected directly to the 12V line. This would dissipate approximately 1 watt which is exceeding the absolute maximum rating of the part and probably causing it to fail.

Check the 2n3094 with a multimeter, if it's bad replace it (or just replace it with a new one). IF it looks good then check the resistor or the wiring. Do a conductivity test on the circuit with the meter to make sure it matches the schematic.

share|improve this answer

answered 3 hours ago

laptop2dlaptop2d

28.5k123786

$endgroup$

share|improve this answer

answered 3 hours ago

laptop2dlaptop2d

28.5k123786

answered 3 hours ago

laptop2dlaptop2d

28.5k123786

answered 3 hours ago

laptop2dlaptop2d

28.5k123786