Medalha Nacional de Ciências
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Ciência do Comportamento e Social |
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| Década de 1960 |
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| Década de 1980 |
1986: Herbert Simon ·
1987: Anne Anastasi e George Joseph Stigler ·
1988: Milton Friedman
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| Década de 1990 |
1990: Leonid Hurwicz e Patrick Suppes ·
1991: George A. Miller ·
1992: Eleanor J. Gibson ·
1994: Robert Merton ·
1995: Roger Shepard ·
1996: Paul Samuelson ·
1997: William Estes ·
1998: William Julius Wilson ·
1999: Robert Solow
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| Década de 2000 |
2000: Gary Stanley Becker ·
2003: R. Duncan Luce ·
2004: Kenneth Arrow ·
2005: Gordon Bower ·
2008: Michael Posner ·
2009: Mortimer Mishkin
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| Década de 2010 |
2011: Anne Treisman ·
2012: Robert Axelrod ·
2014: Albert Bandura
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Ciências Biológicas |
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| Década de 1960 |
1963: Cornelis Bernardus van Niel ·
1964: Theodosius Dobzhansky e Marshall Nirenberg ·
1965: Francis Rous, George Gaylord Simpson e Donald Van Slyke ·
1966: Edward Fred Knipling, Fritz Albert Lipmann, William Cumming Rose e Sewall Wright ·
1967: Kenneth Cole, Harry Harlow, Michael Heidelberger e Alfred Sturtevant ·
1968: Horace Barker, Bernard Brodie, Detlev Bronk, Jay Laurence Lush e Burrhus Frederic Skinner ·
1969: Robert Hübner, Ernst Mayr
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| Década de 1970 |
1970: Barbara McClintock e Albert Sabin ·
1973: Daniel Arnon e Earl Sutherland ·
1974: Britton Chance, Erwin Chargaff, James Neel e James Hannon ·
1975: Hallowell Davis, Paul Gyorgy, Sterling Hendricks e Orville Vogel ·
1976: Roger Guillemin, Keith Roberts Porter, Efraim Racker e Edward Osborne Wilson ·
1979: Robert H. Burris, Elizabeth C. Crosby, Arthur Kornberg, Severo Ochoa, Earl Stadtman, George Ledyard Stebbins e Paul Weiss
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| Década de 1980 |
1981: Philip Handler ·
1982: Seymour Benzer, Glenn Burton e Mildred Cohn ·
1983: Howard Bachrach, Paul Berg, Wendell Lee Roelofs e Berta Scharrer ·
1986: Stanley Cohen, Donald Henderson, Vernon Mountcastle, George Palade e Joan A. Steitz ·
1987: Michael Debakey, Theodor Otto Diener, Harry Eagle, Har Khorana e Rita Levi-Montalcini ·
1988: Michael Stuart Brown, Stanley Norman Cohen, Joseph Goldstein, Maurice Hilleman, Eric Kandel e Rosalyn Yalow ·
1989: Katherine Esau, Viktor Hamburger, Philip Leder, Joshua Lederberg, Roger Sperry e Harland Goff Wood
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| Década de 1990 |
1990: Baruj Benacerraf, Herbert Boyer, Daniel Koshland, Edward Lewis, David Nathan e Edward Donnall Thomas ·
1991: Mary Ellen Avery, George Evelyn Hutchinson, Elvin Kabat, Robert Kates, Salvador Luria, Paul Marks, Folke Skoog e Paul Zamecnik ·
1992: Maxine Singer e Howard Martin Temin ·
1993: Daniel Nathans e Salome G. Waelsch ·
1994: Thomas Eisner e Elizabeth Neufeld ·
1995: Alexander Rich ·
1996: Ruth Patrick ·
1997: James Watson e Robert Allan Weinberg ·
1998: Bruce Ames e Janet Rowley ·
1999: David Baltimore, Jared Diamond e Lynn Margulis
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| Década de 2000 |
2000: Nancy Coover Andreasen, Peter H. Raven e Carl Woese ·
2001: Francisco José Ayala, George Bass, Mario Capecchi, Ann Graybiel, Gene Likens, Victor A. McKusick e Harold Varmus ·
2002: James E. Darnell e Evelyn M. Witkin ·
2003: John Michael Bishop, Solomon Halbert Snyder e Charles Yanofsky ·
2004: Norman Borlaug, Phillip Allen Sharp e Thomas Starzl ·
2005: Anthony Fauci e Torsten Wiesel ·
2006: Rita Colwell, Nina Fedoroff e Lubert Stryer ·
2007: Robert Lefkowitz e Bert William O’Malley ·
2008: Francis Collins, Elaine Fuchs, Craig Venter ·
2009: Susan Lindquist, Stanley Prusiner
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| Década de 2010 |
2010: Ralph Lawrence Brinster, Rudolf Jaenisch ·
2011: Lucy Shapiro, Leroy Hood, Sallie Chisholm ·
2012: May Berenbaum, Bruce Alberts ·
2013: Rakesh Jain ·
2014: Stanley Falkow, Mary-Claire King, Simon Levin
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Química |
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| Década de 1960 |
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| Década de 1980 |
1982: Frank Albert Cotton e Gilbert Stork ·
1983: Roald Hoffmann, George Claude Pimentel e Richard Zare ·
1986: Harry Barkus Gray, Yuan Lee, Carl Shipp Marvel e Frank Westheimer ·
1987: William Summer Johnson, Walter Hugo Stockmayer e Max Tishler ·
1988: William Oliver Baker, Konrad Bloch e Elias James Corey ·
1989: Richard Barry Bernstein, Melvin Calvin, Rudolph Arthur Marcus e Harden McConnell
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| Década de 1990 |
1990: Elkan Blout, Karl August Folkers e John Dombrowski Roberts ·
1991: Ronald Breslow, Gertrude Elion, Dudley Robert Herschbach e Glenn Theodore Seaborg ·
1992: Howard Ensign Simmons ·
1993: Donald James Cram e Norman Hackerman ·
1994: George Simms Hammond ·
1995: Thomas Cech e Isabella Karle ·
1996: Norman Davidson ·
1997: Darleane Hoffman e Harold S. Johnston ·
1998: John Werner Cahn e George Whitesides ·
1999: Stuart Alan Rice, John Ross e Susan Solomon
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| Década de 2000 |
2000: John Baldeschwieler e Ralph Hirschmann ·
2001: Ernest Roy Davidson e Gábor Somorjai ·
2002: John Brauman ·
2004: Stephen Lippard ·
2006: Marvin Harry Caruthers e Peter Dervan ·
2007: Mostafa El-Sayed ·
2008: Joanna Fowler e JoAnne Stubbe ·
2009: Stephen James Benkovic e Marye Anne Fox
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| Década de 2010 |
2010: Jacqueline Barton e Peter John Stang ·
2011: Allen Joseph Bard e Frederick Hawthorne ·
2012: Judith Klinman, Jerrold Meinwald ·
2013: Geraldine Richmond ·
2014: Paul Alivisatos
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Ciências da Engenharia |
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| Década de 1960 |
1962: Theodore von Kármán ·
1963: Vannevar Bush e John Robinson Pierce ·
1964: Charles Stark Draper ·
1965: Hugh Latimer Dryden, Clarence Johnson e Warren Lewis ·
1966: Claude Shannon ·
1967: Edwin Land e Igor Sikorsky ·
1968: John Presper Eckert e Nathan M. Newmark ·
1969: Jack Kilby
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| Década de 1970 |
1970: George Mueller ·
1973: Harold Eugene Edgerton e Richard Whitcomb ·
1974: Rudolf Kompfner, Ralph Brazelton Peck e Abel Wolman ·
1975: Manson Benedict, William Hayward Pickering, Frederick Terman e Wernher von Braun ·
1976: Morris Cohen, Peter Carl Goldmark e Erwin Wilhelm Müller ·
1979: Emmett Leith, Raymond Mindlin, Robert Noyce, Earl Randall Parker e Simon Ramo
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| Década de 1980 |
1982: Edward Heinemann e Donald Katz ·
1983: Bill Hewlett, George Low e John George Trump ·
1986: Hans Wolfgang Liepmann, Tung-Yen Lin e Bernard Oliver ·
1987: Robert Byron Bird, Harry Bolton Seed e Ernst Weber ·
1988: Daniel Drucker, Willis Hawkins e George W. Housner ·
1989: Harry George Drickamer e Herbert Earl Grier
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| Década de 1990 |
1990: Mildred Dresselhaus e Nick Holonyak ·
1991: George Heilmeier, Luna Leopold e Guyford Stever ·
1992: Calvin Quate e John Roy Whinnery ·
1993: Alfred Yi Cho ·
1994: Ray Clough ·
1995: Hermann Anton Haus ·
1996: James Flanagan e Chandra Kumar Patel ·
1998: Eli Ruckenstein ·
1999: Kenneth N. Stevens
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| Década de 2000 |
2000: Yuan-Cheng Fung ·
2001: Andreas Acrivos ·
2002: Leo Beranek ·
2003: John Prausnitz ·
2004: Edwin Lightfoot ·
2005: Jan Achenbach e Tobin Marks ·
2006: Robert Langer ·
2007: David Wineland ·
2008: Rudolf Kalman ·
2009: Amnon Yariv ·
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| Década de 2010 |
2010: Shu Chien ·
2011: John Bannister Goodenough ·
2014: Thomas Kailath
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Ciências Matemáticas, Estatísticas e Computacionais |
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| Década de 1960 |
1963: Norbert Wiener ·
1964: Solomon Lefschetz e Marston Morse ·
1965: Oscar Zariski ·
1966: John Milnor ·
1967: Paul Cohen ·
1968: Jerzy Neyman ·
1969: William Feller
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| Década de 1970 |
1970: Richard Brauer ·
1973: John Tukey ·
1974: Kurt Gödel ·
1975: John Backus, Shiing-Shen Chern e George Dantzig ·
1976: Kurt Otto Friedrichs e Hassler Whitney ·
1979: Joseph Leo Doob e Donald Knuth
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| Década de 1980 |
1982: Marshall Harvey Stone ·
1983: Herman Goldstine e Isadore Singer ·
1986: Peter Lax e Antoni Zygmund ·
1987: Raoul Bott e Michael Freedman ·
1988: Ralph Gomory e Joseph Keller ·
1989: Samuel Karlin, Saunders Mac Lane e Donald Spencer
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| Década de 1990 |
1990: George Carrier, Stephen Kleene e John McCarthy ·
1991: Alberto Calderón ·
1992: Allen Newell ·
1993: Martin Kruskal ·
1994: John Cocke ·
1995: Louis Nirenberg ·
1996: Richard Karp e Stephen Smale ·
1997: Shing-Tung Yau ·
1998: Cathleen Synge Morawetz ·
1999: Felix Browder e Ronald Coifman
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| Década de 2000 |
2000: John Griggs Thompson e Karen Uhlenbeck ·
2001: Calyampudi Radhakrishna Rao e Elias Stein ·
2002: James Glimm ·
2003: Carl de Boor ·
2004: Dennis Sullivan ·
2005: Bradley Efron ·
2006: Hyman Bass ·
2007: Leonard Kleinrock e Andrew Viterbi ·
2009: David Mumford
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| Década de 2010 |
2010: Richard Alfred Tapia e S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan ·
2011: Solomon Wolf Golomb e Barry Mazur ·
2014: Alexandre Chorin, David Blackwell (póstuma) ·
2015: Michael Artin
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Ciências Físicas |
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| Década de 1960 |
1963: Luis Walter Alvarez ·
1964: Julian Schwinger, Harold Clayton Urey e Robert Burns Woodward ·
1965: John Bardeen, Peter Debye, Leon Max Lederman e William Walden Rubey ·
1966: Jacob Bjerknes, Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, Henry Eyring, John Hasbrouck Van Vleck e Vladimir Zworykin ·
1967: Jesse Beams, Francis Birch, Gregory Breit ·
Louis Plack Hammett e George Kistiakowsky ·
1968: Paul Doughty Bartlett, Herbert Friedman, Lars Onsager e Eugene Paul Wigner ·
1969: Herbert Charles Brown e Wolfgang Panofsky
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| Década de 1970 |
1970: Robert Henry Dicke, Allan Rex Sandage, John Clarke Slater, John Archibald Wheeler e Saul Winstein ·
1973: Carl Djerassi, William Maurice Ewing, Arie Jan Haagen-Smit, Vladimir Haensel, Frederick Seitz e Robert Rathbun Wilson ·
1974: Nicolaas Bloembergen, Paul John Flory, William Alfred Fowler, Linus Pauling e Kenneth Sanborn Pitzer ·
1975: Hans Bethe, Joseph Hirschfelder, Lewis Hastings Sarett, Edgar Bright Wilson e Chien-Shiung Wu ·
1976: Samuel Abraham Goudsmit, Herbert S. Gutowsky, Frederick Rossini, Verner Suomi, Henry Taube e George Eugene Uhlenbeck ·
1979: Richard Feynman, Hermann Mark, Edward Mills Purcell, John Sinfelt, Lyman Spitzer e Victor Weisskopf
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| Década de 1980 |
1982: Philip Warren Anderson, Yoichiro Nambu, Edward Teller e Charles Hard Townes ·
1983: Margaret Burbidge, Maurice Goldhaber, Helmut Landsberg, Walter Munk, Frederick Reines, Bruno Rossi e John Robert Schrieffer ·
1986: Solomon Buchsbaum, Horace Crane, Herman Feshbach, Robert Hofstadter e Chen Ning Yang ·
1987: Philip Abelson, Walter Elsasser, Paul Christian Lauterbur, George Pake e James van Allen ·
1988: David Allan Bromley, Chu Ching-wu, Walter Kohn, Norman Foster Ramsey, Jack Steinberger ·
1989: Arnold Orville Beckman, Eugene Parker, Robert Sharp e Henry Stommel
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| Década de 1990 |
1990: Allan Cormack, Edwin Mattison McMillan, Robert Pound e Roger Revelle ·
1991: Arthur Schawlow, Ed Stone e Steven Weinberg ·
1992: Eugene Shoemaker ·
1993: Val Logsdon Fitch e Vera Rubin ·
1994: Albert Overhauser e Frank Press ·
1995: Hans Georg Dehmelt e Peter Goldreich ·
1996: Wallace Smith Broecker ·
1997: Marshall Rosenbluth, Martin Schwarzschild e George Wetherill ·
1998: Don Lorraine Anderson e John Norris Bahcall ·
1999: James Watson Cronin e Leo Kadanoff
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| Década de 2000 |
2000: Willis Eugene Lamb, Jeremiah Paul Ostriker e Gilbert Fowler White ·
2001: Marvin Cohen, Raymond Davis Jr. e Charles Keeling ·
2002: Richard Garwin, William Jason Morgan e Edward Witten ·
2003: Brent Dalrymple, Riccardo Giacconi ·
2004: Robert N. Clayton ·
2005: Ralph Alpher e Lonnie Thompson ·
2006: Daniel Kleppner ·
2007: Fay Ajzenberg-Selove e Charles Pence Slichter ·
2008: Berni Alder e James Gunn ·
2009: Yakir Aharonov, Esther Marley Conwell e Warren Washington
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| Década de 2010 |
2011: Sidney Drell, Sandra Faber, Sylvester James Gates ·
2012: Burton Richter, Sean Solomon ·
2014: Shirley Ann Jackson
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Estadunidense
